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I’m hoping to eventually get around to detailed discussions of all of the Automated Installers at some point, but for now, the next few posts will deal with Preseed. As mentioned in the the previous post, Preseed is the system used by Debian based distributions (including Ubuntu and Mint). While the Preseed system is incredibly powerful, finding good documentation can be a challenge.

The Debian Wiki has some pointers to good resources, but a lot of those are complex and task specific. I’ve also found that some of the examples you find when searching around the internet have minor but significant errors that can have you pulling your hair out as you troubleshoot.

A preseed file is made up of various functions used by the installer, along with answers to the questions that need to be answered. You can see an example of a basic preseed file here.

Every preseed line looks like this:

owner key/subkey/subkey data-type value

The owner is a top level function (d-i standing for debian-installer) and the keys and subkeys are values that function needs to set. An important thing to know is that you can only have one space between the data type and the value. Every where else, white space is not critical.

So for the mirror section we have:

d-i     mirror/http/hostname    string ftp.au.debian.org
d-i     mirror/http/directory   string /debian/
d-i     mirror/suite            string squeeze

The mirror key and it’s subkeys (http/hostname, http/directory, suite) are being set. The data type is a string. Other options are “boolean” and “select”.

Some of the other functions, are as follows (as described in a table borrowed from the Debian documentation):

The remainder of the installation is basically the same for all installation methods.

I’ll go into more detail about some of these functions in future posts, but this should serve as a good introduction.

If you want to experiment with different Preseed configurations, here’s an easy way to do it.

1) Go to the “Advanced” System Designer at Instalinux (or click here).

2) Choose all of the settings like you normally would.

3) When you get to Step 5, click the check box at the bottom that says “Edit Config Files” - then hit Go For It! You will get an editable version of your Preseed file that you can play around with.

4) Go ahead and mess with the Preseed file, and then hit “Get on with it!” to build your image. You can download that image and test it on a virtual machine.

5) Once you’ve downloaded the image, hit the “Back” button on your browser, and you’ll be back in the screen that lets you change the Preseed file. Then hit “Get on with it!” to build a new image, with those different settings.

6) Repeat as necessary until you’re an expert.

 

Preseed is an incredibly powerful tool, but one that takes a while to master. Hopefully this will serve as a good introduction. In future posts, I’ll go into more detail on some of the finer points.

One of the things that a Unix/Linux System Administrator hates is repetition. If I have to do the same thing more than twice, I start thinking about how to automate it. And since System Installation is a very repetitive task, a lot of effort has gone into automating it.

When I was an HPUX SysAdmin, we used Ignite to build systems quickly and repetitively. Likewise, all of the major Linux distributions have some sort of automation package – basically just a way to include the answers to the install-time questions in a text file that can be read by the installer. For RedHat based distros, the framework is Kickstart, for Debian it’s Preseed and for SuSE it’s AutoYAST. All of these are similar, and since all installers have to ask the same questions (network configuration, user names and passwords, what packages to install, etc), the automation methods are similar.

All installers – whether automated or not – follow the same process as well. The first step is to unpack a minimal installation environment from the install CD/DVD or Thumb Drive and expand it into the system memory. That file is typically an “initrd” – short for “Initial Root Directory”. For most of the distributions, the configuration file has to be inserted into that initrd – which is one of the things that makes building an automated install disk a bit of a pain.

That’s where LinuxCOE and Instalinux come in. There are two parts to Instalinux: the interface where questions are asked and answered, and the back-end process that builds the CD.

The first part is fairly simple. Based on the distribution and version that are chosen in the first step, follow-up questions are asked so that all of the information needed by the installer can be gathered. Each distribution wants to know slightly different things, so the interface adapts based on which distribution you are building.

 

 

Once that is all gathered, and you hit the “go for it!” button, the following process kicks off:

1. The settings you’ve picked are compiled into a properly formatted Kickstart, Preseed or AutoYast file
2. The base image is unpacked into a temporary directory
3. Some LinuxCOE specific files are placed into the directory
4. Your customized configuration file is inserted into the initrd (if necessary – otherwise it’s just put in the directory)
5. The whole directory is built into an ISO image using the “mkisofs” command.
6. You are shown the “Complete” page where you can download your ISO and – if you want – a reference copy of your configuration file.

 

 

And that’s how it works. Not all that complicated really.

Of course, there’s much more you can do – both through Instalinux, and by doing some things by hand that the site can’t do. In future posts, I hope to explore and explain some of the projects that I’ve done over the years, and hopefully provide some useful documentation for those hoping to do something similar.

Happy Installing!